It was an axiom of
childhood: “If you can’t say something nice about someone, don’t say anything
at all.” The reality of business in the internet age is that if you can’t say
something nice about a customer experience … you will probably post a negative
review on Yelp, Google, Angie’s List or a similar review site.
For better or worse,
customer reviews can have a profound effect on how people view a business and
on their purchasing decisions. A recent Nielsen study indicated that 74% of consumers who search online for a local business do
so using review sites. Consumers do not limit their evaluation to counting “stars.”
They take the time to read multiple comments, sometimes from multiple sites. Reviews
are a double-edged sword as positive reviews make businesses more trustworthy,
while negative reviews are a strong deterrent to consumers.
No business is immune
from occasional negative reviews.
Marketing experts suggest that when faced with a bad review, businesses
should provide a detailed reply to demonstrate the company’s overall
responsiveness and its concern for the customer making the post. Companies may also wish to encourage
satisfied customers to write positive reviews, especially in those instances
where they have received exceptional service. Eventually, the good reviews will
“bury” any negative comments and provide a fuller picture of the company’s
behavior.
Although some bad reviews
are an almost inevitable part of doing business and actually can provide
valuable feedback, some posts cross the line.
Reviews that falsely accuse a business of criminal acts or intentional
malfeasance can severely damage a company’s brand or reputation – damage that
can take years to reverse. The
motivation behind such unfounded posts range from a general disregard for the accuracy
of statements, to intentional misstatements intended to punish the business for
perceived failings. Such posts are not limited to customers; competitors and
former employees sometimes also post false statements to damage a business. While
litigation may appear to offer some relief, it comes with practical and legal
challenges that must be considered before proceeding.
Elements of the Claim
Just because a review is
bad doesn’t mean there are grounds for a lawsuit. A review must be false to be actionable. If a
customer posts that there were cockroaches in the soup – and there were cockroaches in the soup – there is
no claim for defamation.
The review must also be
factual and not just the poster’s opinion.
Distinguishing between facts and opinion can be tricky. Comments that service was rude, slow or unknowledgeable
are likely statements of opinion and not actionable. However, a post that says that the poster
believes that waitstaff was rude because they spit in the food is more than an
opinion. If unfounded, such comments can be the basis for a defamation suit.
Successfully
demonstrating that a poster made false and malicious claims may be sufficient
for a court to order the poster to remove the review but to recover monetary
damages a business must generally be able to show that it suffered a financial
loss because of a false review. A drop
in sales or a decrease in new customers is the typical metric. Having a system in place – prior to any postings – that tracks
sales leads, website traffic or new customers can be very helpful in
quantifying losses. In addition, it may
also be possible to recover costs incurred for additional advertising or
re-branding to combat a false negative review.
Don’t Expect Any Help
from the Review Site
Business owners often
expect that the review site will assist them in removing a false review. They won’t. Most review sites take the position that
reviews contribute to the “marketplace of ideas.” In their view, a bad review (even a false
one) will be sorted out by the market over time.
Some sites take the
“marketplace of ideas” mentality to an extreme by punishing businesses for suing
or even threatening to sue a poster, even if the post is patently false. For example, a business that sues or
threatens to sue an Angie’s List customer may be banned from advertising on the
Angie’s List site. In addition, Angie’s
List will place a prominent warning on the business’s page that company is
“hostile toward an Angie’s List customer.”
Review sites can adopt
this potentially radical position because of the Communications Decency Act. Section
230 of the Communications Decency Act gives immunity to sites such as Yelp,
Google and TripAdvisor from claims based on the defamatory posts of independent
third parties. Exceptions to such immunity are few and generally require that
the internet site actively participated in or contributed to the negative
reviews.
This does not necessarily
mean that businesses are without options.
Courts may order internet sites to remove defamatory postings and most
will voluntarily remove posts that a court has determined are false.
Act Fast
While evaluating options
and determining the feasibility of a legal claim can be complicated, one thing
is clear: business owners faced with negative reviews need to act quickly to
devise a strategy to limit their injury and to evaluate their legal options.
Once posted, a single negative review can proliferate and appear on multiple
websites or be tweeted to other customers. Having a strategy in place in
advance can make for a focused, more efficient response.
Timely evaluation of
legal options is also important. In Pennsylvania, defamation claims must generally
be brought within one year after the posting of the defamatory claim. Although there are circumstances that could
extend this period, acting quickly to understand both the scope and limitation
of legal rights and to collect and monitor loss data, is important in
mitigating any losses.
While negative reviews
are always troublesome, having a marketing and legal strategy to address the
most extreme comments are important tools for any business that operates on the
internet.
